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[Setup] Basic project structure (#1) This PR contains all the work related to setting up this project as required to implement the [Assignment](https://repo.rock-n-code.com/rock-n-code/deep-linking-assignment/wiki/Assignment) on top, as intended. To summarise this work: - [x] created a new **Xcode** project; - [x] cloned the `Wikipedia` app and inserted it into the **Xcode** project; - [x] created the `Locations` app and also, its `Libraries` package; - [x] created the `Shared` package to share dependencies between the apps; - [x] added a `Makefile` file and implemented some **environment** and **help** commands. Co-authored-by: Javier Cicchelli <javier@rock-n-code.com> Reviewed-on: https://repo.rock-n-code.com/rock-n-code/deep-linking-assignment/pulls/1
2023-04-08 18:37:13 +00:00
<!DOCTYPE html><html prefix="dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ mw: http://mediawiki.org/rdf/" about="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/revision/952270565" class="no-editing"><head prefix="mwr: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/"><meta property="mw:TimeUuid" content="ff661410-83c4-11ea-96d4-ab72e85c5dc6"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta property="mw:pageId" content="4269567"><meta property="mw:pageNamespace" content="0"><meta property="mw:revisionSHA1" content="ca6e9d4d2e4aee8ae17877704d8085072c43e42e"><meta property="dc:modified" content="2020-04-21T11:40:58.000Z"><meta property="mw:html:version" content="2.1.0"><link rel="dc:isVersionOf" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"><title>Dog</title><base href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en"><meta http-equiv="vary" content="Accept"><link rel="stylesheet" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/data/css/mobile/base"><link rel="stylesheet" href="//en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/data/css/mobile/site"><link rel="stylesheet" href="//meta.wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/data/css/mobile/pcs"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"><script src="//meta.wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/data/javascript/mobile/pcs"></script><link rel="icon" href="data:,"><meta property="pcs:locale" content="en"><meta property="mw:pageProtection:edit" content="autoconfirmed"><meta property="mw:pageProtection:move" content="sysop"><meta property="mw:leadImage" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1463"></head><body lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr sitedir-ltr ltr mw-body-content parsoid-body mediawiki mw-parser-output content skin-minerva" dir="ltr"><div id="pcs" class="mw-parser-output"><script>pcs.c1.Page.onBodyStart();</script><header><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h1 data-id="0" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Dog</h1></div><p data-description-source="local" data-wikdata-entity-id="Q144" id="pcs-edit-section-title-description">Domestic animal</p><hr id="pcs-edit-section-divider"></header><section data-mw-section-id="0"><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0" data-id="0" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1">This article is about the domestic dog. For related species known as "dogs", see <a href="./Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a>. For other uses, see <a href="./Dog_(disambiguation)" title="Dog (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Dog (disambiguation)</a>.</div><p>The <b>dog</b> (<i>Canis familiaris</i> when considered a distinct species or <i>Canis lupus familiaris</i> when considered a <a href="./Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="./Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>)<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wang2008_5-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wang2008-5" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 5;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[5]</span></a></sup> is a member of the genus <i><a href="./Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i> (canines), which forms part of the <a href="./Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolf-like canids</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-lindblad2005_6-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-lindblad2005-6" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 6;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[6]</span></a></sup> and is the most widely abundant terrestrial <a href="./Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-:0_7-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-:0-7" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 7;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[7]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-fan2016_8-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-fan2016-8" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 8;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-thalmann2013_9-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-thalmann2013-9" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 9;"><span class="mw-refl
<p></p>
<p about="#mwt20">
</p><span>
</span><div class="pcs-collapse-table-container"><div class="pcs-collapse-table-collapsed-container pcs-collapse-table-expanded" style="display: block;"><strong class="pcs-table-infobox">Quick Facts</strong><span class="pcs-collapse-table-collapse-text">: Domestic dogs Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present, Conservation status ...</span><span class="pcs-collapse-table-aria" aria-labelledby="pcs-collapse-table-aria-expand" role="button" display="none"><span id="pcs-collapse-table-aria-expand" aria-label="Expand table"></span><span id="pcs-collapse-table-aria-collapse" aria-label="Collapse table"></span></span></div><div class="pcs-collapse-table-content" style="display: none;"><table class="infobox biota pcs-collapse-table" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" class="notheme">Domestic dogs<br class="notheme"><div style="font-size: 85%;" class="notheme">Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present<sup class="mw-ref notheme" id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;" class="notheme"><span class="mw-reflink-text notheme">[1]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><a href="./File:Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg"><span class="pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg/260px-Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg/520px-Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg/390px-Collage_of_Nine_Dogs.jpg 1.5x" data-width="260" data-height="228" data-data-file-width="1665" data-data-file-height="1463"><span style="padding-top: 87.6923076923077%;"></span></span></a></figure-inline></td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Selection of the different <a href="./Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">breeds of dog</a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" class="notheme">
<th colspan="2" class="notheme"><div style="text-align: center" class="notheme"><a href="./Conservation_status" title="Conservation status" class="notheme">Conservation status</a></div></th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Domesticated <small></small></div></td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" class="notheme"><a href="./Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)" class="notheme">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks notheme" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><figure-inline class="mw-default-size notheme"><a href="./Template:Taxonomy/Canis" class="notheme"><img resource="./File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" data-file-type="bitmap" height="16" width="16" class="notheme"></a></figure-inline></span></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><a href="./Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:</td>
<td><a href="./Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:</td>
<td><a href="./Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:</td>
<td><a href="./Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:</td>
<td><a href="./Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:</td>
<td><a href="./Caninae" title="Caninae">Caninae</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tribe:</td>
<td><a href="./Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:</td>
<td><a href="./Canis" title="Canis"><i>Canis</i></a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><a href="./Gray_wolf" title="Gray wolf" class="mw-redirect">C.<span>&nbsp;</span>lupus</a></i></div></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subspecies:</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies"><i><b>C.<span>&nbsp;</span>l. familiaris<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wozencraft2005_2-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wozencraft2005-2" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 2;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span></a></sup></b></i></div></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" class="notheme">
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center" class="notheme"><a href="./Trinomen" title="Trinomen" class="notheme">Trinomial name</a></th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="trinomial"><i>Canis lupus familiaris<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wozencraft2005_2-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wozencraft2005-2" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 2;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span></a></sup></i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="./Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</div></td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" class="notheme"><a href="./Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)" class="notheme">Synonyms</a></th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<p><i>Canis familiaris</i> <small><a href="./Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-linnaeus1758_3-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-linnaeus1758-3" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 3;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[3]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-iczn1926_4-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-iczn1926-4" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 4;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[4]</span></a></sup><small></small></small></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="pcs-collapse-table-collapsed-bottom pcs-collapse-table-icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div>
<figure class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Dog_morphological_variation.png" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dog_morphological_variation.png/640px-Dog_morphological_variation.png" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dog_morphological_variation.png/960px-Dog_morphological_variation.png 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="493" data-data-file-width="997" data-data-file-height="768"><span style="padding-top: 77.03125%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Dogs show great <a href="./Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological variation</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Their <a href="./Human–canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">long association with humans</a> has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-berns2012_18-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-berns2012-18" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 18;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[18]</span></a></sup> and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-axelssonetal2013_19-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-axelssonetal2013-19" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 19;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[19]</span></a></sup> Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-20" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 20;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[20]</span></a></sup> They perform many roles for humans, such as <a href="./Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting</a>, <a href="./Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">herding</a>, <a href="./Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">pulling loads</a>, <a href="./Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">protection</a>, <a href="./Police_dog" title="Police dog">assisting police</a> and <a href="./Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">military</a>, <a href="./Pet" title="Pet">companionship</a> and, more recently, <a href="./Service_dog" title="Service dog" class="mw-redirect">aiding disabled people</a> and <a href="./Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">therapeutic</a> roles. This influence on human society has given them the <a href="./Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> of "<a href="./Man's_best_friend" title="Man's best friend">man's best friend</a>".</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="1" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Terminology" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Terminology</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" data-id="1" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<ul><li>The term <i>dog</i> typically is applied both to the species (or subspecies) as a whole, and any adult male member of the same.</li>
<li>An adult female is a <i>bitch</i>.</li>
<li>An adult male capable of reproduction is a <i>stud</i>.</li>
<li>An adult female capable of reproduction is a <i>brood bitch</i>, or <i>brood mother</i>.</li>
<li>Immature males or females (that is, animals that are incapable of reproduction) are <i>pups</i> or <i>puppies</i>.</li>
<li>A group of pups from the same <a href="./Gestation_period" title="Gestation period" class="mw-redirect">gestation period</a> is called a <i><a href="./Litter_(animal)" title="Litter (animal)" class="mw-redirect">litter</a></i>.</li>
<li>The father of a litter is a <i>sire</i>. It is possible for one litter to have multiple sires.</li>
<li>The mother of a litter is a <i>dam</i>.</li>
<li>A group of any three or more adults is a <i>pack</i>.</li></ul>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="2" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Taxonomy" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Taxonomy</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" data-id="2" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt108">Further information: <a href="./Canis_lupus_dingo#Taxonomic_debate_–_dog,_dingo,_and_New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="Canis lupus dingo">Canis lupus dingo §<span>&nbsp;</span>Taxonomic debate – dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog</a></div>
<p>In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist <a href="./Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> published in his <i><a href="./10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> the <a href="./Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> – or the two-word naming – of <a href="./Species" title="Species">species</a>. <i><a href="./Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i> is the Latin word meaning "dog",<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-21" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 21;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[21]</span></a></sup> and under this <a href="./Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> he listed the dog-like carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as <i>Canis familiaris</i>, and on the next page he classified the wolf as <i>Canis lupus</i>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-linnaeus1758_3-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-linnaeus1758-3" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 3;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[3]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its <i>cauda recurvata</i> - its upturning tail which is not found in any other <a href="./Canid" title="Canid" class="mw-redirect">canid</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Clutton-Brock1995_22-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Clutton-Brock1995-22" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 22;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[22]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1999, a study of <a href="./Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from multiple grey <a href="./Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> populations, with the <a href="./Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a> and <a href="./New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dog</a> "breeds" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wayne1999_23-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wayne1999-23" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 23;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[23]</span></a></sup> In the third edition of <i><a href="./Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a></i> published in 2005, the mammalogist <a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Christopher%20Wozencraft" title="de:W. Christopher Wozencraft">W. Christopher Wozencraft</a> listed under the wolf <i>Canis lupus</i> its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: "<i>familiaris</i> Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]" and "<i>dingo</i> Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]". Wozencraft included <i>hallstromi</i> – the <a href="./New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dog</a> – as a <a href="./Taxonomic_synonym" title="Taxonomic synonym" class="mw-redirect">taxonomic synonym</a> for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wozencraft2005_2-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wozencraft2005-2" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 2;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of <i>familiaris</i> and <i>dingo</i> under a "domestic dog" clade has been noted by other mammalogists.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-jackson2017_24-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-jackson2017-24" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 24;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[24]</span></a></sup> This classification by Wozencraft is debated among zoologists.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-smithC1_25-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-smithC1-25" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 25;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[25]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2019, a workshop hosted by the <a href="./IUCN" title="IUCN" class="mw-redirect">IUCN</a>/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea Singing Dog and the Dingo to be feral dogs <i>Canis familiaris</i>, and therefore should not be assessed for the <a href="./IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Alvares2019_26-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Alvares2019-26" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 26;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[26]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="3" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Origin" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Origin</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" data-id="3" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt137">Main article: <a href="./Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></div>
<p>The origin of the domestic dog includes the dog's <a href="./Evolutionary_divergence" title="Evolutionary divergence" class="mw-redirect">evolutionary divergence</a> from the wolf, its <a href="./Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>, and its development into <a href="./Dog_types" title="Dog types" class="mw-redirect">dog types</a> and <a href="./Dog_breeds" title="Dog breeds" class="mw-redirect">dog breeds</a>. The dog is a member of the <a href="./Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="./Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i>, which forms part of the <a href="./Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolf-like canids</a>, and was the first species and the only large <a href="./Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> to have been domesticated.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-larson2014_14-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-larson2014-14" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 14;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[14]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-freedman2017_27-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-freedman2017-27" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[27]</span></a></sup> The dog and the extant gray wolf are <a href="./Sister_taxa" title="Sister taxa" class="mw-redirect">sister taxa</a>, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first <a href="./Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-larson2014_14-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-larson2014-14" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 14;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[14]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="./Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetic divergence</a> between dogs and wolves occurred between 40,000–20,000 years ago, just before or during the <a href="./Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Irving-Pease2018_28-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Irving-Pease2018-28" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 28;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[28]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span></a></sup> This timespan represents the upper time-limit for the commencement of domestication because it is the time of divergence and not the time of domestication, which occurred later.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Irving-Pease2018_28-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Irving-Pease2018-28" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 28;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[28]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-machugh2016_29-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-machugh2016-29" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 29;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[29]</span></a></sup> The <a href="./Domestication_of_animals" title="Domestication of animals">domestication of animals</a> commenced over 15,000 years ago, beginning with the <a href="./Grey_wolf" title="Grey wolf" class="mw-redirect">grey wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus</i>) by nomadic <a href="./Hunter-gatherers" title="Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect">hunter-gatherers</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Irving-Pease2018_28-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Irving-Pease2018-28" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 28;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[28]</span></a></sup> The archaeological record and genetic analysis show the remains of the <a href="./Origin_of_the_domestic_dog#Bonn–Oberkassel_dog" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Bonn–Oberkassel dog</a> buried beside humans 14,200 years ago to be the first undisputed dog, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago. The domestication of the dog predates agriculture.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span></a></sup> It was not until 11,000 years ago that people living in the <a href="./Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a> entered into relationships with wild populations of <a href="./Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, boar, sheep, and goats.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Irving-Pease2018_28-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Irving-Pease2018-28" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 28;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[28]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Where the domestication of the dog took place remains debated, with the most plausible proposals spanning <a href="./Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-thalmann2013_9-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-thalmann2013-9" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 9;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-machugh2016_29-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-machugh2016-29" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 29;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[29]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-machugh2016_29-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-machugh2016-29" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 29;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[29]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-shannon2015_30-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-shannon2015-30" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 30;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[30]</span></a></sup> and <a href="./East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-machugh2016_29-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-machugh2016-29" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 29;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[29]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wang2015_31-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wang2015-31" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 31;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[31]</span></a></sup> This has been made more complicated by the recent proposal that an initial wolf population split into East and West <a href="./Eurasian" title="Eurasian" class="mw-redirect">Eurasian</a> groups. These two groups, before going <a href="./Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>, were domesticated independently into two distinct dog populations between 14,000 and 6,400 years ago. The Western Eurasian dog population was gradually and partially replaced by East Asian dogs introduced by humans at least 6,400 years ago.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-machugh2016_29-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-machugh2016-29" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 29;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[29]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span></a></sup> This proposal is also debated.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2020, a <a href="./Literature_review" title="Literature review">literature review</a> of canid domestication stated that modern dogs were not descended from the same <i>Canis</i> lineage as modern wolves, and proposes that dogs may be descended from a Pleistocene wolf closer in size to a village dog.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Lord2020_32-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Lord2020-32" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 32;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[32]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="4" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Biology" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Biology</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" data-id="4" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg/640px-Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg/1280px-Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg/960px-Dog_anatomy_lateral_skeleton_view.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="528" data-data-file-width="1500" data-data-file-height="1239"><span style="padding-top: 82.5%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Lateral view of skeleton</figcaption></figure>
<section data-mw-section-id="5" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt198">Main article: <a href="./Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Dog anatomy</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Dog_skull_06.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dog_skull_06.jpg/640px-Dog_skull_06.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dog_skull_06.jpg/1280px-Dog_skull_06.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dog_skull_06.jpg/960px-Dog_skull_06.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="529" data-data-file-width="3060" data-data-file-height="2531"><span style="padding-top: 82.65625%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Skull of a dog</figcaption></figure>
<p>Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="./Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">dog breeds</a> show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> Dogs are <a href="./Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> and <a href="./Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>; like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.</p>
<section data-mw-section-id="6" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Size_and_weight">Size and weight</h4>
<p>Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a <a href="./Yorkshire_Terrier" title="Yorkshire Terrier">Yorkshire Terrier</a>, that stood only <span>6.3</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm (2.5</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>in)</span> at the shoulder, <span>9.5</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm (3.7</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>in)</span> in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only <span>113 grams (4.0</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>oz)</span>. The largest known dog was a <a href="./St._Bernard_(dog)" title="St. Bernard (dog)">Saint Bernard</a> which weighed <span>167.6</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>kg (369</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>lb)</span> and was <span>250</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm (98</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>in)</span> from the snout to the tail.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Benedictine_33-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Benedictine-33" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 33;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[33]</span></a></sup> The tallest dog is a <a href="./Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a> that stands <span>106.7</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm (42.0</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>in)</span> at the shoulder.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-34" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 34;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[34]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="7" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Senses">Senses</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt225">Further information: <a href="./Dog_anatomy#Senses" title="Dog anatomy">Dog anatomy §<span>&nbsp;</span>Senses</a></div>
<p>The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-35" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 35;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[35]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-36" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 36;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[36]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-37" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 37;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[37]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="8" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Coat">Coat</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt244">Main article: <a href="./Coat_(dog)" title="Coat (dog)" class="mw-redirect">Coat (dog)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Dog_coat_variation.png" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dog_coat_variation.png/640px-Dog_coat_variation.png" data-width="640" data-height="672" data-data-file-width="768" data-data-file-height="805"><span style="padding-top: 105%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Dogs display a wide variation on coat type, density, length, color, and composition</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="./Pelage" title="Pelage" class="mw-redirect">coats</a> of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse <a href="./Guard_hair" title="Guard hair" class="mw-redirect">guard hair</a> and a soft <a href="./Down_hair" title="Down hair" class="mw-redirect">down hair</a>, or "single", with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Dog_Breeds_38-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Dog_Breeds-38" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 38;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[38]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Regarding coat appearance or health, the coat can be maintained or affected by multiple nutrients present in the diet, see <a href="./Coat_(dog)" title="Coat (dog)" class="mw-redirect">Coat (dog)</a> for more information.</p>
<p>Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age. This has been shown to be associated with <a href="./Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsive behaviors</a>, <a href="./Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety behaviors</a>, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-39" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 39;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[39]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="9" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Tail">Tail</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt259">See also: <a href="./Docking_(dog)" title="Docking (dog)">Docking</a></div>
<p>There are many different shapes for <a href="./Dog_tail" title="Dog tail" class="mw-redirect">dog tails</a>: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally <a href="./Docking_(dog)" title="Docking (dog)">docked</a> to avoid injuries.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-40" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 40;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[40]</span></a></sup> In some breeds, such as the <a href="./Braque_du_Bourbonnais" title="Braque du Bourbonnais">Braque du Bourbonnais</a>, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-41" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 41;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[41]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="10" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Differences_from_wolves">Differences from wolves</h4>
<figure class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Bow_bow.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bow_bow.jpg/640px-Bow_bow.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bow_bow.jpg/960px-Bow_bow.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="960" data-data-file-width="1027" data-data-file-height="1540"><span style="padding-top: 150%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>The <a href="./Saarloos_wolfdog" title="Saarloos wolfdog">Saarloos wolfdog</a> carries more <a href="./Gray_wolf" title="Gray wolf" class="mw-redirect">gray wolf</a> DNA than any other dog breed<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-skoglund2015_42-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-skoglund2015-42" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 42;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[42]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel <a href="./Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">electrophoresis</a> of red blood cell acid <a href="./Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">phosphatase</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-43" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 43;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[43]</span></a></sup> The <a href="./Auditory_bulla" title="Auditory bulla" class="mw-redirect">tympanic bullae</a> are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-mech1974_44-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-mech1974-44" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 44;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[44]</span></a></sup> Compared with equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-serpell1995_45-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-serpell1995-45" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 45;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[45]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>35</span></sup> The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-46" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 46;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[46]</span></a></sup> Dogs have a more domed forehead and a distinctive "stop" between forehead and nose.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-47" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 47;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[47]</span></a></sup> The <a href="./Temporalis_muscle" title="Temporalis muscle" class="mw-redirect">temporalis muscle</a> that closes the jaws is more robust in wolves.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wang2008_5-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-wang2008-5" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 5;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[5]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>158</span></sup> Wolves do not have <a href="./Dewclaws" title="Dewclaws" class="mw-redirect">dewclaws</a> on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs that had them.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-48" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 48;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[48]</span></a></sup> Most dogs lack a functioning <a href="./Pre-caudal_gland" title="Pre-caudal gland" class="mw-redirect">pre-caudal gland</a> and enter <a href="./Estrus" title="Estrus" class="mw-redirect">estrus</a> twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003257_49-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003257-49" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 49;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[49]</span></a></sup> So-called primitive dogs such as <a href="./Dingo" title="Dingo">dingoes</a> and <a href="./Basenji" title="Basenji">Basenjis</a> retain the yearly estrus cycle.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-50" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 50;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[50]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Dogs generally have brown eyes and wolves almost always have amber or light colored eyes.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-51" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 51;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[51]</span></a></sup> The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some <a href="./Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-DOGS_52-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-DOGS-52" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 52;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[52]</span></a></sup> The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Lopez_53-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Lopez-53" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 53;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[53]</span></a></sup> The dog has developed into hundreds of varied <a href="./Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">breeds</a>, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-spady_54-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-spady-54" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 54;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[54]</span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="11" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt359">Main article: <a href="./Dog_health" title="Dog health">Dog health</a></div>
<p>There are many household plants that are poisonous to dogs (and other mammals) including <a href="./Begonia" title="Begonia">begonia</a>, <a href="./Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a> and <a href="./Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">aloe vera</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-55" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 55;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[55]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as <a href="./Elbow_dysplasia" title="Elbow dysplasia">elbow</a> and <a href="./Hip_dysplasia_(canine)" title="Hip dysplasia (canine)">hip dysplasia</a>, <a href="./Blindness" title="Blindness" class="mw-redirect">blindness</a>, <a href="./Deafness" title="Deafness" class="mw-redirect">deafness</a>, <a href="./Pulmonary_valve_stenosis" title="Pulmonary valve stenosis">pulmonic stenosis</a>, <a href="./Cleft_lip_and_palate" title="Cleft lip and palate" class="mw-redirect">cleft palate</a>, and <a href="./Luxating_patella" title="Luxating patella">trick knees</a>. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are <a href="./Pyometra" title="Pyometra">pyometra</a>, affecting <a href="./Neutering" title="Neutering">unspayed</a> females of all types and ages, and <a href="./Gastric_dilatation_volvulus" title="Gastric dilatation volvulus">gastric dilatation volvulus</a> (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as <a href="./Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="./Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>, <a href="./Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="./Hookworms" title="Hookworms" class="mw-redirect">hookworms</a>, <a href="./Tapeworms" title="Tapeworms" class="mw-redirect">tapeworms</a>, <a href="./Roundworms" title="Roundworms" class="mw-redirect">roundworms</a>, and <a href="./Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">heartworms</a> (<a href="./Roundworm" title="Roundworm" class="mw-redirect">roundworm</a> species that lives in the heart of dogs).</p>
<p>A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including <a href="./Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate solids</a> (<a href="./Theobromine_poisoning" title="Theobromine poisoning">theobromine poisoning</a>), onion and <a href="./Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> (<a href="./Thiosulphate" title="Thiosulphate" class="mw-redirect">thiosulphate</a>, <a href="./Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxide</a> or <a href="./Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a> poisoning),<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-56" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 56;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[56]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> and <a href="./Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="./Macadamia_nut" title="Macadamia nut" class="mw-redirect">macadamia nuts</a>, <a href="./Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-57" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 57;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[57]</span></a></sup> as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-58" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 58;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[58]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-59" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 59;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[59]</span></a></sup> The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging through garbage bins or ashtrays and eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-60" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 60;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[60]</span></a></sup> Dogs are susceptible to <a href="./Theobromine_poisoning" title="Theobromine poisoning">theobromine poisoning</a>, typically from ingestion of <a href="./Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.</p>
<p>Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including <a href="./Diabetes_in_dogs" title="Diabetes in dogs">diabetes</a>, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-61" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 61;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[61]</span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="12" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt405">Further information: <a href="./Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging in dogs</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Terrier_mixed-breed_dog.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Terrier_mixed-breed_dog.jpg/640px-Terrier_mixed-breed_dog.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Terrier_mixed-breed_dog.jpg/960px-Terrier_mixed-breed_dog.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="573" data-data-file-width="1280" data-data-file-height="1145"><span style="padding-top: 89.53125%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Mixed-breed dogs such as this <a href="./Terrier" title="Terrier">terrier</a> have been found to run faster and live longer than their pure-bred parents (see <a href="./Heterosis#Heterosis_in_dogs" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a>).</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-62" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 62;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[62]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-KC_Survey_63-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-KC_Survey-63" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 63;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[63]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Denmark_Survey_64-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Denmark_Survey-64" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 64;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[64]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-British_Owners_65-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-British_Owners-65" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 65;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[65]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 66;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[66]</span></a></sup> Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.</p>
<p>The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the <a href="./Dogue_de_Bordeaux" title="Dogue de Bordeaux">Dogue de Bordeaux</a>, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including <a href="./Bull_Terrier_(Miniature)" title="Bull Terrier (Miniature)" class="mw-redirect">miniature bull terriers</a>, <a href="./Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">bloodhounds</a>, and <a href="./Irish_wolfhound" title="Irish wolfhound">Irish wolfhounds</a> are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 66;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[66]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The longest-lived breeds, including <a href="./Toy_poodle" title="Toy poodle" class="mw-redirect">toy poodles</a>, <a href="./Japanese_spitz" title="Japanese spitz" class="mw-redirect">Japanese spitz</a>, <a href="./Border_terrier" title="Border terrier" class="mw-redirect">Border terriers</a>, and <a href="./Tibetan_spaniel" title="Tibetan spaniel">Tibetan spaniels</a>, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 66;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[66]</span></a></sup> The median longevity of <a href="./Mixed-breed_dog" title="Mixed-breed dog" class="mw-redirect">mixed-breed dogs</a>, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Denmark_Survey_64-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Denmark_Survey-64" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 64;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[64]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-British_Owners_65-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-British_Owners-65" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 65;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[65]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 66;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[66]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Vet_School_Data_67-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Vet_School_Data-67" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 67;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[67]</span></a></sup> The longest-lived dog was "<a href="./Bluey_(dog)" title="Bluey (dog)">Bluey</a>", an <a href="./Australian_Cattle_Dog" title="Australian Cattle Dog">Australian Cattle Dog</a> who died in 1939 at 29.5 years of age.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-68" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 68;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[68]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-gwr1998_69-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-gwr1998-69" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 69;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[69]</span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="13" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt477">Main article: <a href="./Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Canine reproduction</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Säugende_Hündin.JPG" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/640px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG/960px-S%C3%A4ugende_H%C3%BCndin.JPG 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="465" data-data-file-width="1108" data-data-file-height="805"><span style="padding-top: 72.65625%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Female dog nursing newborn puppies</figcaption></figure>
<p>In domestic dogs, <a href="./Puberty" title="Puberty">sexual maturity</a> happens around six to twelve months of age for both males and females,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-70" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 70;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[70]</span></a></sup> although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first <a href="./Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</a>. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for <a href="./Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to <a href="./Canine_tying" title="Canine tying" class="mw-redirect">copulation</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> Because the <a href="./Ovum" title="Ovum" class="mw-redirect">ova</a> survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for more than one male to sire the same litter.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-5"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Fertilization typically occurs 2–5 days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus, and after 7-8 more days the heart beat is detectable.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-71" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 71;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[71]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-72" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 72;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[72]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after <a href="./Fertilization" title="Fertilization" class="mw-redirect">fertilization</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-6"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-73" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 73;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[73]</span></a></sup> with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six <a href="./Puppy" title="Puppy">puppies</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-74" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 74;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[74]</span></a></sup> though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, <a href="./Toy_dog" title="Toy dog">toy dogs</a> produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.</p>
<p>Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male <a href="./French_Bulldog" title="French Bulldog">French Bulldogs</a>, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be <a href="./Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificially inseminated</a> in order to reproduce.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-French_75-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-French-75" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 75;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[75]</span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="14" style="display: none;"><h4 id="Neutering">Neutering</h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg/640px-Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg/1280px-Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg/960px-Wilde_huendin_am_stillen.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="442" data-data-file-width="1502" data-data-file-height="1038"><span style="padding-top: 69.0625%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>A feral dog from <a href="./Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> nursing very well-developed puppies</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="./Neutering" title="Neutering">Neutering</a> refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by <a href="./Castration" title="Castration">removal of the male's testicles</a> or the female's <a href="./Ovaries" title="Ovaries" class="mw-redirect">ovaries</a> and <a href="./Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce <a href="./Sex_drive" title="Sex drive" class="mw-redirect">sex drive</a>. Because of the <a href="./Overpopulation_of_dogs" title="Overpopulation of dogs" class="mw-redirect">overpopulation of dogs</a> in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the <a href="./American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a> (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-76" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 76;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[76]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>According to the <a href="./Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a>, 3–4<span>&nbsp;</span>million dogs and cats are <a href="./Euthanized" title="Euthanized" class="mw-redirect">euthanized</a> each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-77" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 77;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[77]</span></a></sup> Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other <a href="./Animal_protection_organizations" title="Animal protection organizations" class="mw-redirect">animal protection organizations</a> urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them.</p>
<p>Neutering reduces problems caused by <a href="./Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>, especially in male dogs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-78" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 78;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[78]</span></a></sup> Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-79" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 79;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[79]</span></a></sup> However, neutering increases the risk of <a href="./Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a> in female dogs,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-80" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 80;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[80]</span></a></sup> and <a href="./Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> in males,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-81" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 81;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[81]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="./Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a>, <a href="./Hemangiosarcoma" title="Hemangiosarcoma">hemangiosarcoma</a>, <a href="./Cruciate_ligament" title="Cruciate ligament">cruciate ligament</a> rupture, obesity, and <a href="./Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus" class="mw-redirect">diabetes mellitus</a> in either sex.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-82" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 82;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[82]</span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="15" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Inbreeding_depression">Inbreeding depression</h3>
<p>A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full siblings).<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Leroy_83-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Leroy-83" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 83;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[83]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a> is considered to be due largely to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-pmid19834483_84-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-pmid19834483-84" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 84;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[84]</span></a></sup> Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-pmid3324702_85-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-pmid3324702-85" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 85;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[85]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In a study of seven breeds of dogs (<a href="./Bernese_mountain_dog" title="Bernese mountain dog" class="mw-redirect">Bernese mountain dog</a>, <a href="./Basset_hound" title="Basset hound" class="mw-redirect">basset hound</a>, <a href="./Cairn_terrier" title="Cairn terrier" class="mw-redirect">Cairn terrier</a>, <a href="./Brittany_(breed)" title="Brittany (breed)" class="mw-redirect">Epagneul Breton</a>, <a href="./German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd">German Shepherd</a> dog, <a href="./Leonberger" title="Leonberger">Leonberger</a>, and <a href="./West_Highland_white_terrier" title="West Highland white terrier" class="mw-redirect">West Highland white terrier</a>) it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-pmid25475165_86-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-pmid25475165-86" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 86;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[86]</span></a></sup> Another analysis of data on 42,855 <a href="./Dachshund" title="Dachshund">dachshund</a> litters found that as the <a href="./Inbreeding_coefficient" title="Inbreeding coefficient" class="mw-redirect">inbreeding coefficient</a> increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-pmid15803761_87-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-pmid15803761-87" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 87;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[87]</span></a></sup> In a study of boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Beek_88-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Beek-88" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 88;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[88]</span></a></sup> Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Beek_88-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Beek-88" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 88;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[88]</span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="16" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Intelligence,_behavior,_and_communication" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Intelligence, behavior, and communication</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" data-id="16" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<section data-mw-section-id="17" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt626">Main article: <a href="./Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Dog intelligence</a></div>
<p>Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with <a href="./Rico_(Border_Collie)" title="Rico (Border Collie)" class="mw-redirect">Rico</a> showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-89" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 89;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[89]</span></a></sup> Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands, although a 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are not more exceptional than those of other animals, such as <a href="./Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="./Common_chimpanzee" title="Common chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect">chimpanzees</a> or <a href="./Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-90" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 90;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[90]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Dogs demonstrate a <a href="./Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> by engaging in deception.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-91" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 91;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[91]</span></a></sup> An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian <a href="./Dingo" title="Dingo">dingos</a> can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-92" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 92;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[92]</span></a></sup> Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-93" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 93;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[93]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="18" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Behavior">Behavior</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt662">Main article: <a href="./Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Dog behavior</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt663">See also: <a href="./Dog_behavior#Behavior_compared_with_other_canids" title="Dog behavior">Dog behavior §<span>&nbsp;</span>Behavior compared with other canids</a></div>
<p>Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-levitis2009_94-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-levitis2009-94" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 94;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[94]</span></a></sup> As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-berns2012_18-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-berns2012-18" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 18;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[18]</span></a></sup> Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine
relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-tomasello2009_95-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-tomasello2009-95" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 95;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[95]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-96" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 96;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[96]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cagan2016_97-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-cagan2016-97" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 97;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[97]</span></a></sup> In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the <a href="./Catecholamine#Synthesis" title="Catecholamine">catecholamine synthesis</a> pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cagan2016_97-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-cagan2016-97" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 97;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[97]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-98" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 98;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[98]</span></a></sup> (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cagan2016_97-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-cagan2016-97" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 97;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[97]</span></a></sup> Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cagan2016_97-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-cagan2016-97" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 97;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[97]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-99" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 99;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[99]</span></a></sup> Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cagan2016_97-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-cagan2016-97" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 97;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[97]</span></a></sup> Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to <a href="./Williams-Beuren_syndrome" title="Williams-Beuren syndrome" class="mw-redirect">Williams-Beuren syndrome</a> in humans, which cause <a href="./Hypersociability" title="Hypersociability">hypersociability</a> at the expense of problem solving ability.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-100" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 100;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[100]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-sciencemag_101-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-sciencemag-101" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 101;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[101]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-latimes_102-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-latimes-102" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 102;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[102]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="19" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt722">Main article: <a href="./Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Dog communication</a></div>
<p>Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, how they understand messages from humans, and how humans translate the information that dogs are transmitting.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-103" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 103;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[103]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>xii</span></sup> Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.</p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="20" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Ecology" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Ecology</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" data-id="20" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<section data-mw-section-id="21" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>
<p>In 2013, an estimate of the global dog population was between 700 million<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-104" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 104;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[104]</span></a></sup> and 987 million.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-105" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 105;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[105]</span></a></sup> Although it is said that the <a href="./Man's_best_friend_(phrase)" title="Man's best friend (phrase)" class="mw-redirect">"dog is man's best friend"</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-J._Derbett_London_106-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-J._Derbett_London-106" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 106;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[106]</span></a></sup> this refers largely to the ~20% of dogs that live in developed countries. In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-DOGS_52-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-DOGS-52" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 52;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[52]</span></a></sup> Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-107" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 107;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[107]</span></a></sup> Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-108" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 108;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[108]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="22" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Competitors_and_predators">Competitors and predators</h3>
<p>Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and <a href="./Free-ranging_dogs" title="Free-ranging dogs" class="mw-redirect">free-ranging dogs</a> to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-:0_7-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-:0-7" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 7;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[7]</span></a></sup> For example, a review of the studies in the competitive effects of dogs on <a href="./Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatric</a> carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-lescureaux2014_109-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-lescureaux2014-109" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 109;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[109]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-vanak2014_110-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-vanak2014-110" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 110;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[110]</span></a></sup> Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-lescureaux2014_109-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-lescureaux2014-109" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 109;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[109]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003259–264_111-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003259–264-111" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 111;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[111]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003305–306_112-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003305–306-112" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 112;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[112]</span></a></sup> One study reported that in Wisconsin in 1999 more compensation had been paid for losses due to wolves taking dogs than for wolves taking livestock. In Wisconsin wolves will often kill hunting dogs, possibly because the dogs are in the wolf's territory.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003305–306_112-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoitaniMech2003305–306-112" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 112;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[112]</span></a></sup> A strategy has been reported in Russia where one wolf lures a dog into heavy brush where another wolf waits in ambush.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Graves_113-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Graves-113" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 113;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[113]</span></a></sup> In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-114" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 114;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[114]</span></a></sup> Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs, and losses of dogs to wolves has led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-lescureaux2014_109-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-lescureaux2014-109" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 109;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[109]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="./Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyotes</a> and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. <a href="./Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopards</a> in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of their size.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Leopard_115-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Leopard-115" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 115;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[115]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Tiger" title="Tiger">Tigers</a> in <a href="./Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="./Indochina" title="Indochina" class="mw-redirect">Indochina</a>, <a href="./Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="./Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> are also reported to kill dogs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Perry_116-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Perry-116" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 116;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[116]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyenas</a> are known to kill dogs in <a href="./Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="./India" title="India">India</a>, and the <a href="./Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Striped_117-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Striped-117" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 117;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[117]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="23" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt829">See also: <a href="./Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 320px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg/320px-Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg/480px-Golden_retriever_eating_pigs_foot.jpg 1.5x" data-width="320" data-height="422" data-data-file-width="500" data-data-file-height="659"><span style="padding-top: 131.875%;"></span></span></a><figcaption><a href="./Golden_Retriever" title="Golden Retriever">Golden Retriever</a> gnawing on a pig's foot</figcaption></figure>
<p>Dogs have been described as <a href="./Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-118" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 118;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[118]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-119" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 119;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[119]</span></a></sup> or <a href="./Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-7"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-120" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 120;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[120]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-121" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 121;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[121]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-122" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 122;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[122]</span></a></sup> Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have <a href="./Amylase#Evolution" title="Amylase">extra copies of amylase</a> and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-axelssonetal2013_19-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-axelssonetal2013-19" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 19;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[19]</span></a></sup> Also like humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their <a href="./Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>. Based on metabolism and nutrition, many consider the dog to be an omnivore.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Pajic2019_123-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Pajic2019-123" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 123;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[123]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>However, the dog is not simply an omnivore. More like the cat and less like other omnivores, the dog can only produce <a href="./Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acid</a> with <a href="./Taurine" title="Taurine">taurine</a>, and it cannot produce <a href="./Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, which it obtains from animal flesh. Also more like the cat, the dog requires <a href="./Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place the dog part-way between carnivores and omnivores.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-124" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 124;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[124]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="24" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3>
<p>As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included:</p>
<ul><li><a href="./Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a>, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of <a href="./Dingos" title="Dingos" class="mw-redirect">dingos</a> on that continent</li>
<li>The <a href="./Andamanese" title="Andamanese">Andamanese</a>, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar</li>
<li>The <a href="./Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegians</a>, who instead domesticated the <a href="./Fuegian_dog" title="Fuegian dog">Fuegian dog</a>, a different canid species</li>
<li>Certain Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably: the <a href="./Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-125" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 125;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[125]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-126" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 126;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[126]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Urban_127-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Urban-127" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 127;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[127]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Urban_127-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Urban-127" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 127;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[127]</span></a></sup> <a href="./New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Matisoo-Smith_128-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-128" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 128;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[128]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Matisoo-Smith_128-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-128" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 128;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[128]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Forster_129-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Forster-129" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 129;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[129]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Forster_129-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Forster-129" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 129;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[129]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Marquesas" title="Marquesas" class="mw-redirect">Marquesas</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Forster_129-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Forster-129" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 129;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[129]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Mangaia" title="Mangaia">Mangaia</a> in the <a href="./Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="./Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a> in <a href="./French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="./Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Forster_129-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Forster-129" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 129;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[129]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-130"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-130" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 130;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[130]</span></a></sup> and <a href="./Pitcairn_Island" title="Pitcairn Island" class="mw-redirect">Pitcairn Island</a> (settled by the <a href="./Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty"><i>Bounty</i> mutineers</a>, who killed off their dogs in order to escape discovery by passing ships<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-131" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 131;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[131]</span></a></sup>).</li></ul>
<p>Dogs were introduced to <a href="./Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> as <a href="./Sled_dogs" title="Sled dogs" class="mw-redirect">sled dogs</a>, and some became nearly feral. Dogs became apex predators in Antarctica by killing prey (largely penguins) and posing a risk of spreading contagious diseases to seals before dogs were outlawed in Antarctica in accordance with an international agreement.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-132"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-132" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 132;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[132]</span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="25" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Breeds" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Breeds</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" data-id="25" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt952">Main article: <a href="./Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Dog breed</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Big_and_little_dog.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 320px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Big_and_little_dog.jpg/320px-Big_and_little_dog.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Big_and_little_dog.jpg/480px-Big_and_little_dog.jpg 1.5x" data-width="320" data-height="164" data-data-file-width="600" data-data-file-height="309"><span style="padding-top: 51.24999999999999%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Different dog breeds show a range of <a href="./Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic variation</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large <a href="./Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a>, known to have been domesticated. Especially over the past 200 years, dogs have undergone rapid <a href="./Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> change and were formed into today's modern <a href="./Dog_breeds" title="Dog breeds" class="mw-redirect">dog breeds</a> due to <a href="./Artificial_selection" title="Artificial selection" class="mw-redirect">artificial selection</a> by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a <span>0.46</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>kg (1.0</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>lb)</span> teacup <a href="./Poodle" title="Poodle">poodle</a> to a <span>90</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>kg (200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>lb)</span> giant <a href="./Mastiff" title="Mastiff">mastiff</a>. Phenotypic variation can include height measured to the <a href="./Withers" title="Withers">withers</a> ranging from <span>15.2 centimetres (6.0</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>in)</span> in the <a href="./Chihuahua_(dog)" title="Chihuahua (dog)">Chihuahua</a> to <span>76</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm (30</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>in)</span> in the <a href="./Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound" class="mw-redirect">Irish Wolfhound</a>; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; <a href="./Coat_(dog)" title="Coat (dog)" class="mw-redirect">coats</a> can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-The_Complete_Dog_133-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-The_Complete_Dog-133" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 133;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[133]</span></a></sup> The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. Some breeds demonstrate outstanding skills in herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guarding, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. The first dogs were domesticated from shared ancestors of modern wolves, however the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog–wolf <a href="./Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetic divergence</a> are not known.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-freedman2017_27-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-freedman2017-27" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[27]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt968">Further information: <a href="./Dog_type" title="Dog type">Dog type</a></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="26" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Roles_with_humans" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Roles with humans</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" data-id="26" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Gunnar_Kaasen_with_Balto.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gunnar_Kaasen_with_Balto.jpg/640px-Gunnar_Kaasen_with_Balto.jpg" data-width="640" data-height="791" data-data-file-width="648" data-data-file-height="800"><span style="padding-top: 123.59374999999999%;"></span></span></a><figcaption><a href="./Gunnar_Kaasen" title="Gunnar Kaasen">Gunnar Kaasen</a> and <a href="./Balto" title="Balto">Balto</a>, the lead dog on the last relay team of the <a href="./1925_serum_run_to_Nome" title="1925 serum run to Nome">1925 serum run to Nome</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as <a href="./Bite_inhibition" title="Bite inhibition">bite inhibition</a>, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been <a href="./Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">pack hunters</a> with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Miklósi_134-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Miklósi-134" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 134;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[134]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>pages95-136</span></sup></p>
<p>The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as <a href="./Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting</a>, <a href="./Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">herding</a>, <a href="./Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">pulling loads</a>, <a href="./Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">protection</a>, <a href="./Police_dog" title="Police dog">assisting police</a> and <a href="./Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">military</a>, <a href="./Pet" title="Pet">companionship</a>, and, more recently, <a href="./Service_dog" title="Service dog" class="mw-redirect">aiding handicapped individuals</a>. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "<a href="./Man's_best_friend" title="Man's best friend">man's best friend</a>" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs <a href="./Dog#As_food">are also a source of meat</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Wingfield-Hayes_135-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Wingfield-Hayes-135" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 135;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[135]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Vietnam's_dog_meat_tradition_136-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Vietnam's_dog_meat_tradition-136" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 136;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[136]</span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="27" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Early_roles">Early roles</h3>
<p>Wolves, and their dog descendants, likely derived significant benefits from living in human camps<span>&nbsp;</span>– more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Groves_137-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Groves-137" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 137;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[137]</span></a></sup> They would have benefited from humans' upright <a href="./Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">gait</a> that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as better color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Groves_137-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Groves-137" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 137;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[137]</span></a></sup> Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and <a href="./Control_of_fire" title="Control of fire" class="mw-redirect">controlling fire</a> for a range of purposes.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Groves_137-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Groves-137" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 137;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[137]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Tacon_138-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Tacon-138" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 138;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[138]</span></a></sup> For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Tacon_138-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Tacon-138" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 138;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[138]</span></a></sup> Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Tacon_138-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Tacon-138" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 138;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[138]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Tacon_138-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Tacon-138" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 138;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[138]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Ruusila_139-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Ruusila-139" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 139;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[139]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Newby_140-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Newby-140" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 140;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[140]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Human emigrants from <a href="./Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> that came across the <a href="./Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering land bridge</a> into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Early_Americas_1998_141-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Early_Americas_1998-141" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 141;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[141]</span></a></sup> even suggests that the use of <a href="./Sled_dogs" title="Sled dogs" class="mw-redirect">sled dogs</a> may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Early_Americas_1998_141-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Early_Americas_1998-141" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 141;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[141]</span></a></sup> the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Miklósi_134-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Miklósi-134" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 134;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[134]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>104</span></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-142"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-142" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 142;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[142]</span></a></sup> Dogs were an important part of life for the <a href="./Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabascan</a> population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as <a href="./Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> may have contributed to the migration of the <a href="./Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> and <a href="./Navajo_people" title="Navajo people" class="mw-redirect">Navajo</a> tribes 1,400 years ago. This use of dogs in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the <a href="./Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> to North America.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-143" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 143;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[143]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="28" style="display: none;"><h3 id="As_pets">As pets</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Hundhalsband_grön_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hundhalsband_gr%C3%B6n_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif/lossy-page1-640px-Hundhalsband_gr%C3%B6n_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hundhalsband_gr%C3%B6n_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif/lossy-page1-1280px-Hundhalsband_gr%C3%B6n_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hundhalsband_gr%C3%B6n_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif/lossy-page1-960px-Hundhalsband_gr%C3%B6n_sammet_-_Livrustkammaren_-_86119.tif.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="960" data-data-file-width="3328" data-data-file-height="4992"><span style="padding-top: 150%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Green velvet dog collar, dating from 1670 to 1690</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg/640px-Siberian_Husky_pho.jpg" data-width="640" data-height="608" data-data-file-width="750" data-data-file-height="711"><span style="padding-top: 95%;"></span></span></a><figcaption><a href="./Siberian_Husky" title="Siberian Husky">Siberian Huskies</a> are <a href="./Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> that still enjoy some human companionship</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Family_pet.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Family_pet.jpg/640px-Family_pet.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Family_pet.jpg/960px-Family_pet.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="591" data-alt=" Couple sitting on the lawn with a pet British Bulldog" data-data-file-width="1059" data-data-file-height="975"><span style="padding-top: 92.34375%;"></span></span></a><figcaption> A <a href="./Bulldog" title="Bulldog">British Bulldog</a> relaxes at a park</figcaption></figure>
<p>It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-DOGS_52-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-DOGS-52" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 52;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[52]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Tacon_138-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Tacon-138" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 138;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[138]</span></a></sup> and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Derr_144-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Derr-144" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 144;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[144]</span></a></sup> (see the <a href="./Origin_of_the_domestic_dog#Bonn–Oberkassel_dog" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Bonn–Oberkassel dog</a>). Pet-dog populations grew significantly after <a href="./World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as suburbanization increased.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Derr_144-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Derr-144" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 144;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[144]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Franklin_145-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Franklin-145" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 145;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[145]</span></a></sup> (the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-146" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 146;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[146]</span></a></sup> - to describe exclusion from the group implies distance between the <a href="./Doghouse" title="Doghouse">doghouse</a> and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Katz_147-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Katz-147" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 147;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[147]</span></a></sup> People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Haraway_148-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Haraway-148" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 148;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[148]</span></a></sup> to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Power_149-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Power-149" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 149;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[149]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>There have been two major trends<sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;"><span>[</span><i><a href="./Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span>when?</span></a></i><span>]</span></sup> in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the <a href="./Commodification_of_animals" title="Commodification of animals" class="mw-redirect">"commodification"</a> of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Power_149-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Power-149" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 149;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[149]</span></a></sup> The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Power_149-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Power-149" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 149;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[149]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A vast range of commodity forms aim to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Nast_150-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Nast-150" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 150;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[150]</span></a></sup> The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Nast_150-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Nast-150" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 150;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[150]</span></a></sup> While <a href="./Dog_training" title="Dog training">dog training</a> as an organized activity has operated since the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal <a href="./Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">dog behaviors</a> such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and <a href="./Spraying_(animal_behavior)" title="Spraying (animal behavior)" class="mw-redirect">urine marking</a> (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-dogzone_151-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-dogzone-151" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 151;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[151]</span></a></sup> Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Myths_152-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Myths-152" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 152;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[152]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The majority of contemporary dog-owners describe their pet as part of the family,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Power_149-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Power-149" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 149;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[149]</span></a></sup> although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Power_149-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Power-149" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 149;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[149]</span></a></sup> Some dog-trainers, such as on the television program <i><a href="./Dog_Whisperer" title="Dog Whisperer" class="mw-redirect">Dog Whisperer</a></i>, have promoted a <a href="./Dominance_(ethology)" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance-model</a> of dog–human relationships. However it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human interactions.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Bradshaw_153-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Bradshaw-153" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 153;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[153]</span></a></sup> Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Tannen_154-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Tannen-154" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 154;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[154]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as <a href="./Musical_canine_freestyle" title="Musical canine freestyle">dog dancing</a> and <a href="./Doga_(Dog_Yoga)" title="Doga (Dog Yoga)" class="mw-redirect">dog yoga</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Nast_150-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Nast-150" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 150;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[150]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>According to statistics published by the <a href="./American_Pet_Products_Manufacturers_Association" title="American Pet Products Manufacturers Association" class="mw-redirect">American Pet Products Manufacturers Association</a> in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5<span>&nbsp;</span>million people in the United States have pet dogs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-155"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-155" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 155;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[155]</span></a></sup> The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any <a href="./Gender_preference_(disambiguation)" title="Gender preference (disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect">gender preference</a> among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Although several programs promote <a href="./Pet_adoption" title="Pet adoption">pet adoption</a>, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a <a href="./Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">shelter</a>.</p>
<p>Some research suggests that a pet dog produces a considerable <a href="./Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-156"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-156" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 156;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[156]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-157"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-157" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 157;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[157]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A study using <a href="./Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-158"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-158" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 158;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[158]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="29" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Work">Work</h3>
<p>Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (<a href="./Collies" title="Collies" class="mw-redirect">collies</a>, <a href="./Sheepdog" title="Sheepdog" class="mw-redirect">sheepdogs</a>),<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-159"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-159" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 159;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[159]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-8"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> hunting (hounds, pointers),<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-serpell1995_45-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-serpell1995-45" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 45;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[45]</span></a></sup> and rodent control (terriers).<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-9"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> Other types of <a href="./Working_dog" title="Working dog">working dogs</a> include <a href="./Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">search and rescue dogs</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-160"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-160" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 160;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[160]</span></a></sup> <a href="./Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">detection dogs</a> trained to detect <a href="./Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illicit drugs</a><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-161"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-161" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 161;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[161]</span></a></sup> or <a href="./Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>;<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-162"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-162" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 162;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[162]</span></a></sup> guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ADW_17-10"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-ADW-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> In 1957, the dog <a href="./Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a> became the first animal to be launched into <a href="./Earth_orbit" title="Earth orbit" class="mw-redirect">Earth orbit</a>, aboard the <a href="./Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviets</a>' <a href="./Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a>; she died during the flight.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-163"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-163" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 163;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[163]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-164"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-164" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 164;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[164]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Various kinds of <a href="./Service_dog" title="Service dog" class="mw-redirect">service dogs</a> and <a href="./Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">assistance dogs</a>, including <a href="./Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">guide dogs</a>, <a href="./Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">hearing dogs</a>, <a href="./Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">mobility assistance dogs</a>, and <a href="./Psychiatric_service_dog" title="Psychiatric service dog">psychiatric service dogs</a> provide assistance to individuals with disabilities.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-165"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-165" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 165;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[165]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-166"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-166" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 166;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[166]</span></a></sup> Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-seizure_167-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-seizure-167" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 167;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[167]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="30" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Sports_and_shows">Sports and shows</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1259">See also: <a href="./Conformation_show" title="Conformation show">Conformation show</a></div>
<p>People often enter their dogs in competitions<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-168"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-168" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 168;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[168]</span></a></sup> such as breed-conformation shows or <a href="./List_of_dog_sports" title="List of dog sports">sports</a>, including racing, sledding and agility competitions.</p>
<p>In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="31" style="display: none;"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1267">Main article: <a href="./Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right pcs-widen-image-ancestor" about="#mwt1268" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;World laws on killing dogs for consumption&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}"><a href="./File:World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png/640px-World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png/1280px-World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png/960px-World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption.png 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="285" data-data-file-width="1400" data-data-file-height="625"><span style="padding-top: 44.53125%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:right;font-size:105%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="./Template:World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption" title="Template:World laws on killing dogs for consumption"><abbr>v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><span class="new"><abbr>t</abbr></span></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_laws_on_killing_dogs_for_consumption&amp;action=edit" class="external text"><abbr>e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;font-size:105%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"><b>Worldwide laws on killing dogs for <a href="./Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">consumption</a></b></div>
<table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color notheme" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:
#980043; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"><span class="notheme">&nbsp;</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span></div></td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:48%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Dog killing is legal</td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color notheme" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:
#dd1c77; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"><span class="notheme">&nbsp;</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span></div></td><td style="padding:0.8em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;;width:40%;padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Dog killing is partially illegal<sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color notheme" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:
#d7b5d8; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"><span class="notheme">&nbsp;</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span></div></td><td style="width:48%;padding:0.2em 1.0em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Dog killing is illegal</td><td style="width:6%; padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color notheme" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:
#cccccc; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"><span class="notheme">&nbsp;</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span></div></td><td style="width:40%;padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"> Unknown?</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.3em;">
<sup>1</sup><small>the laws vary internally and/or they include exceptions for ritual/religious slaughter</small>
</div>
</figcaption></figure><span>
</span>
<p>Dog meat is consumed in some <a href="./East_Asian" title="East Asian" class="mw-redirect">East Asian</a> countries, including <a href="./Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="./China" title="China">China</a><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Wingfield-Hayes_135-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Wingfield-Hayes-135" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 135;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[135]</span></a></sup> and <a href="./Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Vietnam's_dog_meat_tradition_136-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Vietnam's_dog_meat_tradition-136" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 136;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[136]</span></a></sup> a practice that dates back to antiquity.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-169"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-169" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 169;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[169]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 13–16<span>&nbsp;</span>million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-170"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-170" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 170;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[170]</span></a></sup> In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-171"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-171" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 171;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[171]</span></a></sup> Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on the plains of northern China began to eschew eating dogs. This is likely due to the spread of Buddhism and Islam, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including dogs. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, despite the fact that the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-172"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-172" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 172;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[172]</span></a></sup> Other cultures, such as <a href="./Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and <a href="./Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">pre-Columbian Mexico</a>, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as <a href="./Taboo_food_and_drink" title="Taboo food and drink" class="mw-redirect">taboo</a>. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties<span>&nbsp;</span>– being good for the lungs for instance.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-173"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-173" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 173;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[173]</span></a></sup> Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-174"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-174" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 174;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[174]</span></a></sup> Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-175"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-175" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 175;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[175]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-176"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-176" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 176;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[176]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-177"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-177" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 177;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[177]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-178"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-178" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 178;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[178]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the <i><a href="./Nureongi" title="Nureongi">nureongi</a></i> (누렁이), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-pettid_179-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-pettid-179" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 179;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[179]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The most popular Korean dog dish is <i><a href="./Bosintang" title="Bosintang">gaejang-guk</a></i> (also called <i>bosintang</i>), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's <i><a href="./Qi" title="Qi">gi</a></i>, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of <i>gaejang-guk</i> explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with <a href="./Scallion" title="Scallion">scallions</a> and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-pettid_179-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-pettid-179" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 179;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[179]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="32" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Health_risks_to_humans">Health risks to humans</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1363">Further information: <a href="./Dog_attack" title="Dog attack" class="mw-redirect">Dog attack</a> and <a href="./Canine_vector-borne_disease" title="Canine vector-borne disease">Canine vector-borne disease</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1364">Further information: <a href="./Dog_bite_prevention" title="Dog bite prevention" class="mw-redirect">Dog bite prevention</a></div>
<p>In 2005, the <a href="./WHO" title="WHO" class="mw-redirect">WHO</a> reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies, a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-180"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-180" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 180;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[180]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. <a href="./Center_for_Disease_Control" title="Center for Disease Control" class="mw-redirect">Center for Disease Control</a> estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-181"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-181" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 181;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[181]</span></a></sup> A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-182"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-182" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 182;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[182]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while since 2007 this has increased to an average of 31.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_183-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-autogenerated1-183" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 183;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[183]</span></a></sup> 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_183-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-autogenerated1-183" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 183;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[183]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A <a href="./Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-184"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-184" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 184;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[184]</span></a></sup> The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-185"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-185" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 185;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[185]</span></a></sup> Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-186"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-186" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 186;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[186]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 <a href="./Dog_attack" title="Dog attack" class="mw-redirect">dog attacks</a> on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-187"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-187" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 187;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[187]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In the <a href="./Dogs_in_the_United_States" title="Dogs in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="./Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-188"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-188" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 188;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[188]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-189"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-189" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 189;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[189]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><i><a href="./Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> (dog <a href="./Roundworm" title="Roundworm" class="mw-redirect">roundworm</a>) eggs in dog feces can cause <a href="./Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">toxocariasis</a>. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of <i>Toxocara</i> infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-190"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-190" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 190;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[190]</span></a></sup> In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained <i>T. canis</i> eggs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-kidshealth_191-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-kidshealth-191" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 191;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[191]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;"><span>[</span><i><a href="./Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span>failed verification</span></a></i><span>]</span></sup> Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-kidshealth_191-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-kidshealth-191" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 191;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[191]</span></a></sup> Dog feces can also contain <a href="./Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a> that cause <a href="./Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">cutaneous larva migrans</a> in humans.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-192"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-192" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 192;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[192]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-193"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-193" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 193;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[193]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-194"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-194" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 194;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[194]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-195"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-195" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 195;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[195]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="33" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Health_benefits_for_humans">Health benefits for humans</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg/640px-Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg/1280px-Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg/960px-Puppy_near_Coltani_-_17_apr_2010.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="428" data-alt="Small dog laying between the hands" data-data-file-width="2446" data-data-file-height="1632"><span style="padding-top: 66.875%;"></span></span></a><figcaption><a href="./Doberman_Pinscher" title="Doberman Pinscher" class="mw-redirect">Doberman</a> puppy being cuddled</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg/640px-Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg/1280px-Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg/960px-Mini-poodle_companionship.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-data-file-width="5312" data-data-file-height="2988"><span style="padding-top: 56.25%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Mini Poodle puppy begging for cuddles</figcaption></figure>
<p>The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Pet_ownership_and_human_health:_a_brief_review_of_evidence_and_issues_196-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Pet_ownership_and_human_health:_a_brief_review_of_evidence_and_issues-196" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 196;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[196]</span></a></sup> Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-197"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-197" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 197;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[197]</span></a></sup> have been criticised for being poorly controlled,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Health_effects_of_ownership_of_and_attachment_to_companion_animals_in_an_older_population_198-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Health_effects_of_ownership_of_and_attachment_to_companion_animals_in_an_older_population-198" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 198;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[198]</span></a></sup> and finding that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-199"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-199" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 199;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[199]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Pet_ownership_and_human_health:_a_brief_review_of_evidence_and_issues_196-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Pet_ownership_and_human_health:_a_brief_review_of_evidence_and_issues-196" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 196;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[196]</span></a></sup> In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-autogenerated717_200-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-autogenerated717-200" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 200;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[200]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-autogenerated717_200-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-autogenerated717-200" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 200;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[200]</span></a></sup> Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-201"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-201" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 201;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[201]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-202"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-202" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 202;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[202]</span></a></sup> Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the <a href="./Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">hygiene hypothesis</a>, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-203"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-203" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 203;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[203]</span></a></sup> One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-204"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-204" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 204;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[204]</span></a></sup> In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-205"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-205" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 205;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[205]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-206"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-206" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 206;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[206]</span></a></sup> Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-207"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-207" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 207;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[207]</span></a></sup> One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those who were not in an animal-assisted program.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-208"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-208" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 208;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[208]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="34" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Shelters">Shelters</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1585">Main article: <a href="./Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">Animal shelter</a></div>
<p>Every year, between 6 and 8<span>&nbsp;</span>million dogs and cats enter US <a href="./Animal_shelter" title="Animal shelter">animal shelters</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-209"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-209" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 209;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[209]</span></a></sup> The <a href="./Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> (HSUS) estimates that approximately 3 to 4<span>&nbsp;</span>million of those dogs and cats are <a href="./Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">euthanized</a> yearly in the United States.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-210"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-210" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 210;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[210]</span></a></sup> However, the percentage of dogs in US animal shelters that are eventually adopted and removed from the shelters by their new legal owners has increased since the mid-1990s from around 25% to a 2012 average of 40% among reporting shelters<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-211"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-211" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 211;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[211]</span></a></sup> (with many shelters reporting 60–75%).<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-212"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-212" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 212;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[212]</span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="35" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions" class="pcs-edit-section-title">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" data-id="35" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:PELSO.png" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PELSO.png/640px-PELSO.png" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PELSO.png/1280px-PELSO.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PELSO.png/960px-PELSO.png 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="300" data-data-file-width="1343" data-data-file-height="630"><span style="padding-top: 46.875%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Dogs at Lake Balaton, depicted on the <a href="./Seuso_Treasure" title="Seuso Treasure">Seuso Treasure</a></figcaption></figure>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1608">Main article: <a href="./Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs" class="mw-redirect">Cultural depictions of dogs</a></div>
<p>In <a href="./China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="./Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="./Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="36" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Mythology_and_religion">Mythology and religion</h3>
<p>In ancient <a href="./Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, from the <a href="./Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Old Babylonian period</a> until the <a href="./Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a>, dogs were the symbol of <a href="./Nintinugga" title="Nintinugga">Ninisina</a>, the goddess of healing and medicine,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_214-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-214" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 214;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[214]</span></a></sup> and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_214-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-214" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 214;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[214]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="./Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_214-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-214" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 214;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[214]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-MalloryAdams2006_215-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-MalloryAdams2006-215" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 215;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[215]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-West2007_216-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-West2007-216" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 216;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[216]</span></a></sup> and may originate from <a href="./Proto-Indo-European_religion" title="Proto-Indo-European religion" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-MalloryAdams2006_215-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-MalloryAdams2006-215" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 215;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[215]</span></a></sup><sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-West2007_216-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-West2007-216" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 216;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[216]</span></a></sup> In <a href="./Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="./Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a> is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of <a href="./Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-2"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> In <a href="./Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, a bloody, four-eyed dog called <a href="./Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a> guards <a href="./Helheim" title="Helheim" class="mw-redirect">Helheim</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-3"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> In <a href="./Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>, two four-eyed dogs guard the <a href="./Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-4"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> In <a href="./Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>, <a href="./Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a> is guarded by <a href="./Cŵn_Annwn" title="Cŵn Annwn">Cŵn Annwn</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-5"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> In <a href="./Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, <a href="./Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of <a href="./Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-217"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-217" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 217;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[217]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gemälde_(Domenikus).jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gem%C3%A4lde_%28Domenikus%29.jpg/640px-Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gem%C3%A4lde_%28Domenikus%29.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gem%C3%A4lde_%28Domenikus%29.jpg/1280px-Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gem%C3%A4lde_%28Domenikus%29.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gem%C3%A4lde_%28Domenikus%29.jpg/960px-Wuchzenhofen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar_rechts_Gem%C3%A4lde_%28Domenikus%29.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="881" data-data-file-width="1387" data-data-file-height="1911"><span style="padding-top: 137.65625%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>A painting of <a href="./Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> with a dog bearing a torch at his side</figcaption></figure>
<p>The hunter god <a href="./Muthappan" title="Muthappan">Muthappan</a> from <a href="./North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region of <a href="./Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the <a href="./Muthappan_Temple" title="Muthappan Temple">Muthappan Temple</a> and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-218"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-218" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 218;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[218]</span></a></sup> In <a href="./Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a>, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning.</p>
<p>The role of the <a href="./Dog_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Dog in Chinese mythology">dog in Chinese mythology</a> includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the <a href="./Dog_(zodiac)" title="Dog (zodiac)">zodiacal dog</a>). Three of the 88 <a href="./Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> in western astronomy also represent dogs: <a href="./Canis_Major" title="Canis Major">Canis Major</a> (the Great Dog, whose brightest star, <a href="./Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, is also called the Dog Star), <a href="./Canis_Minor" title="Canis Minor">Canis Minor</a> (the Little Dog), and <a href="./Canes_Venatici" title="Canes Venatici">Canes Venatici</a> (the Hunting Dogs).</p>
<p>In <a href="./Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, dogs represent faithfulness.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-6"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="./Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic</a> denomination specifically, the iconography of <a href="./Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly thereafter.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-CP2017_219-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-CP2017-219" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 219;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[219]</span></a></sup> As such, the <a href="./Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> (<a href="./Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>: <i>Dominicanus</i>) means "dogs of the Lord" or "hounds of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: <i>domini canis</i>).<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-CP2017_219-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-CP2017-219" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 219;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[219]</span></a></sup> In Christian folklore, a <a href="./Church_grim" title="Church grim">church grim</a> often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their <a href="./Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyards</a> from <a href="./Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Dyer1898_220-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Dyer1898-220" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 220;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[220]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="./Jewish_law" title="Jewish law" class="mw-redirect">Jewish law</a> does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_221-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-221" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 221;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[221]</span></a></sup> Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_221-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-221" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 221;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[221]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The view on dogs in <a href="./Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sherman2008_213-7"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-Sherman2008-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup> although <a href="./Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet".<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-222"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-222" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 222;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[222]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-223"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-223" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 223;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[223]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="37" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>
<p>In <a href="./Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="./Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> the <i><a href="./Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, when the disguised <a href="./Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, <a href="./Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a>, who has been waiting for his return.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="38" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1725">Main article: <a href="./Cultural_depictions_of_dogs_in_Western_art" title="Cultural depictions of dogs in Western art" class="mw-redirect">Cultural depictions of dogs in Western art</a></div>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox notheme" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody class="notheme"><tr class="notheme">
<td class="mbox-image notheme"><figure-inline class="noviewer notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Commons-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" data-file-type="drawing" height="40" width="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist notheme">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i class="notheme"><b class="notheme"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dogs%20in%20art" title="commons:Category:Dogs in art" class="notheme"><span style=" " class="notheme">Dogs in art</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Cultural depictions of <a href="./Dogs_in_art" title="Dogs in art" class="mw-redirect">dogs in art</a> extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. <a href="./Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> scenes were popular in the <a href="./Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="./Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-224"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-224" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 224;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[224]</span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="39" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Education_and_appreciation">Education and appreciation</h3><p about="#mwt1736">
The American Kennel Club reopened a museum called "Museum of the Dog" in Manhattan after moving the attraction from outside of St. Louis.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-:02_225-0"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-:02-225" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 225;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[225]</span></a></sup> The museum contains ancient artifacts, fine art, and educational opportunities for visitors.<sup class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-:02_225-1"><a href="./Dog#cite_note-:02-225" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 225;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[225]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r923042769/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tleft" about="#mwt1736"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:494px;max-width:494px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><figure-inline><a href="./File:Aleria,_Rhyton,_tête_de_chien.jpg"><span class="pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Aleria%2C_Rhyton%2C_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg/200px-Aleria%2C_Rhyton%2C_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Aleria%2C_Rhyton%2C_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg/400px-Aleria%2C_Rhyton%2C_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Aleria%2C_Rhyton%2C_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg/300px-Aleria%2C_Rhyton%2C_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg 1.5x" data-width="200" data-height="146" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1934" data-data-file-height="1413"><span style="padding-top: 73%;"></span></span></a></figure-inline></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage"><figure-inline><a href="./File:Rhyton_en_forme_de_tête_de_chien.jpg"><span class="pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg/167px-Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg/334px-Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg/251px-Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_chien.jpg 1.5x" data-width="167" data-height="146" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1658" data-data-file-height="1449"><span style="padding-top: 87.42514970059881%;"></span></span></a></figure-inline></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><figure-inline><a href="./File:Rhyton_en_forme_de_tête_de_chien2.jpg"><span class="pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rhyton_en_forme_de_t%C3%AA
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><a href="./File:Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog,_China.jpg" class="pcs-widen-image-ancestor"><span class="pcs-widen-image-override pcs-lazy-load-placeholder pcs-lazy-load-placeholder-pending" style="width: 640px;" data-class="pcs-widen-image-override" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog%2C_China.jpg/640px-Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog%2C_China.jpg" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog%2C_China.jpg/1280px-Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog%2C_China.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog%2C_China.jpg/960px-Figure_of_a_Recumbent_Dog%2C_China.jpg 1.5x" data-width="640" data-height="477" data-data-file-width="1536" data-data-file-height="1145"><span style="padding-top: 74.53125%;"></span></span></a><figcaption>Dog with <a href="./Mastiff" title="Mastiff">mastiff</a> features, China, 4th century, <a href="./Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure>
<div style="clear:both;" about="#mwt1748"></div>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="40" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="See_also" class="pcs-edit-section-title">See also</h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" data-id="40" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" about="#mwt1749">
<ul>
<li><span><figure-inline class="noviewer"><a href="./File:Aussie-blacktri.jpg"><img alt="icon" resource="./File:Aussie-blacktri.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aussie-blacktri.jpg/32px-Aussie-blacktri.jpg" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" data-file-type="bitmap" height="24" width="32" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aussie-blacktri.jpg/64px-Aussie-blacktri.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Aussie-blacktri.jpg/48px-Aussie-blacktri.jpg 1.5x"></a></figure-inline></span><span><a href="./Portal:Dogs" title="Portal:Dogs">Dogs portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><figure-inline class="noviewer"><a href="./File:Okapi2.jpg"><img alt="icon" resource="./File:Okapi2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" data-file-type="bitmap" height="28" width="32" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x"></a></figure-inline></span><span><a href="./Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; " about="#mwt1754">
<ul><li><a href="./Animal_track" title="Animal track">Animal track</a></li>
<li><a href="./Cynanthropy" title="Cynanthropy">Cynanthropy</a></li>
<li><a href="./Dog–cat_relationship" title="Dog–cat relationship" class="mw-redirect">Dog–cat relationship</a></li>
<li><a href="./Dog_odor" title="Dog odor">Dog odor</a></li>
<li><a href="./Dognapping" title="Dognapping">Dognapping</a></li>
<li><a href="./Ethnocynology" title="Ethnocynology">Ethnocynology</a></li>
<li><a href="./Hachikō" title="Hachikō">Hachikō</a> – a notable example of dog loyalty</li>
<li><a href="./Pet_recovery_service" title="Pet recovery service">Pet recovery service</a></li></ul>
</div>
<section data-mw-section-id="41" style="display: none;"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3>
<ul><li><a href="./Lists_of_dogs" title="Lists of dogs">Lists of dogs</a></li>
<li><a href="./List_of_fictional_dogs" title="List of fictional dogs">List of fictional dogs</a></li>
<li><a href="./List_of_individual_dogs" title="List of individual dogs">List of individual dogs</a></li></ul>
</section></section><hr class="pcs-fold-hr"><section data-mw-section-id="42" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Notes" class="pcs-section-hideable-header pcs-edit-section-title" onclick="pcs.c1.Sections.setHidden('42', false);">Notes<span id="pcs-section-control-42" class="pcs-section-control pcs-section-control-show" role="button" aria-labelledby="pcs-section-aria-expand"></span></h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" data-id="42" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<div id="pcs-section-content-42" class="pcs-section-hidden"><div class="reflist " style=" list-style-type: decimal;" about="#mwt1788">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" about="#mwt1997"><ol class="mw-references references"><li id="cite_note-Thalmann2018-1"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-0&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-1&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-2&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-3&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Thalmann2018_1-4&quot;]">[1]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Thalmann2018-1" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThalmannPerri2018" class="citation book">Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.). <i>Paleogenomics</i>. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>273–306. <a href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2F13836_2018_27" class="external text">10.1007/13836_2018_27</a>. <a href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href="./Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04752-8"><bdi>978-3-030-04752-8</bdi></a>.</cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-
<cite class="citation web"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570" class="external text">"Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee"</a>. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-Denmark_Survey-64"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-Denmark_Survey-64" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-Denmark_Survey-64" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Denmark_Survey_64-0&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Denmark_Survey_64-1&quot;]">[64]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Denmark_Survey-64" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProschowsky,_H.F.H._RugbjergA.K._Ersbell2003" class="citation journal">Proschowsky, H.F.; H. Rugbjerg &amp; A.K. Ersbell (2003). "Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark". <i>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</i>. <b>58</b> (1–2): 63–74. <a href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-5877%2803%2900010-2" class="external text">10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2</a>. <a href="./PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12628771" class="external text">12628771</a>.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-British_Owners-65"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-British_Owners-65" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-British_Owners-65" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-British_Owners_65-0&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-British_Owners_65-1&quot;]">[65]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-British_Owners-65" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichell_AR1999" class="citation journal">Michell AR (1999). "Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease". <i>The Veterinary Record</i>. <b>145</b> (22): 625–629. <a href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fvr.145.22.625" class="external text">10.1136/vr.145.22.625</a>. <a href="./PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10619607" class="external text">10619607</a>.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-0&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-1&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-2&quot;,&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Cassidy_Data_66-3&quot;]">[66]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Cassidy_Data-66" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCompiled_by_CassidyK.M." class="citation web">Compiled by Cassidy; K.M. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/breeddata.htm" class="external text">"Dog Longevity Web Site, Breed Data page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-Vet_School_Data-67"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-Vet_School_Data-67" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-Vet_School_Data-67" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-Vet_School_Data_67-0&quot;]">[67]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Vet_School_Data-67" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatronekWatersGlickman1997" class="citation journal">Patronek GJ, Waters DJ, Glickman LT (1997). "Comparative l
<cite id="CITEREFBatha2019" class="citation news">Batha, Emma (10 January 2019). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-environment-petfood-idUSKCN1P42ES" class="external text">"Grub's up! Can insect pet food cut dogs' carbon pawprint?"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Thomson Reuters Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Studies suggest pets consume about a fifth of the world’s meat and fish, and a dog's carbon footprint is more than twice that of a 4x4 car, according to Yora.</q></cite>
</span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-157"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-157" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-157" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-157&quot;]">[157]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-157" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRahner2009" class="citation web">Rahner, Mark (4 November 2009). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//phys.org/news/2009-11-dogs-larger-carbon-footprint-suv.html" class="external text">"Study says dogs have larger carbon footprint than SUV"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2010</span>. <q>[...] Robert and Brenda Vale argue that resources required to feed a dog -- including the amount of land needed to feed the animals that go into its food -- give it about twice the eco-footprint of, say, building and fueling a Toyota Land Cruiser.</q></cite>
</span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-158"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-158" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-158" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-158&quot;]">[158]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-158" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Edgar2014" class="citation news">James Edgar (21 February 2014). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10653182/Dogs-and-humans-respond-to-voices-in-same-way.html" class="external text">"Dogs and humans respond to voices in same way"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-159"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-159" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-159" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-159&quot;]">[159]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-159" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation book">Williams, Tully (2007). <i>Working Sheep Dogs</i>. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. <a href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href="./Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09343-0"><bdi>978-0-643-09343-0</bdi></a>.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-160"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-160" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-160" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-160&quot;]">[160]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-160" class="mw-reference-text">Vikki Fenton, <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.wemjournal.org/article/S0953-9859(92)71243-1/pdf" class="external text">The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery</a>, <i>Journal of Wilderness Medicine</i>, Vol. 3, Issue 3, August 1992, pp. 292–300.</span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-161"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-161" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-161" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-161&quot;]">[161]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-161" class="mw-reference-text">John J. Ensminger, <i>Police and Military Dogs: Criminal Detection, Forensic Evidence, and Judicial Admissibility</i> (CRC Press, 2012).</span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-162"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-162" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-162" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-162&quot;]">[162]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-162" class="mw-reference-text">Philip Shernomay, <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.nytimes.com/2003/05/13/us/aftereffects-chemical-weapons-dogs-take-their-place-arsenal-against-chemical.html" class="external text">Dogs Take Their Place in Arsenal Against Chemical Attack</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (13 May 2003).</span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-163"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-163" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref-back-link-cite_note-163" pcs-back-links="[&quot;./Dog#cite_ref-163&quot;]">[163]</a></div><div class="pcs-ref-body"><span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-163" class="mw-reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Wellerstein2017" class="citation news">Alex Wellerstein (3 November 2017). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero" class="external text">"Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i>.</cite></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-164"><div class="pcs-ref"><div class="pcs-ref-backlink-container"><a id="back_link_cite_note-164" class="pcs-ref-back-link" href="./Dog#pcs-ref
<div id="pcs-section-content-43" class="pcs-section-hidden"><ul><li><cite class="citation book">Miklósi, Adám (2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//books.google.com/?id=KnVEIrVNGhIC" class="external text"><i>Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199295852.001.0001" class="external text">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001</a>. <a href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href="./Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929585-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929585-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929585-2</bdi></a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book">Smith, Bradley, ed. (2015). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//books.google.com/books?id=j6omCgAAQBAJ" class="external text"><i>The Dingo Debate: Origins, Behaviour and Conservation</i></a>. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. <a href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0030-3"><bdi>978-1-4863-0030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="./Category:CS1_maint:_ref=harv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBoitaniMech2003" class="citation book">Boitani, Luigi; Mech, L. David (2003). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//books.google.com/books?id=zhwfmQEACAAJ" class="external text"><i>Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="./University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>482. <a href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href="./Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51696-7"><bdi>978-0-226-51696-7</bdi></a>. <a href="./OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/904338888" class="external text">904338888</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="./Category:CS1_maint:_ref=harv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></li></ul></div></section><section data-mw-section-id="44" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="Further_reading" class="pcs-section-hideable-header pcs-edit-section-title" onclick="pcs.c1.Sections.setHidden('44', false);">Further reading<span id="pcs-section-control-44" class="pcs-section-control pcs-section-control-show" role="button" aria-labelledby="pcs-section-aria-expand"></span></h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" data-id="44" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<div id="pcs-section-content-44" class="pcs-section-hidden"><ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Horowitz2016" class="citation book">Alexandra Horowitz (2016). <i>Being a Dog: Following the Dog Into a World of Smell</i>. Scribner. <a href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href="./Special:BookSources/978-1476795997" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476795997"><bdi>978-1476795997</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul></div></section><section data-mw-section-id="45" style="display: none;"><div class="pcs-edit-section-header"><h2 id="External_links" class="pcs-section-hideable-header pcs-edit-section-title" onclick="pcs.c1.Sections.setHidden('45', false);">External links<span id="pcs-section-control-45" class="pcs-section-control pcs-section-control-show" role="button" aria-labelledby="pcs-section-aria-expand"><span id="pcs-section-aria-expand" aria-label="Expand section"></span><span id="pcs-section-aria-collapse" aria-label="Collapse section"></span></span></h2><span class="pcs-edit-section-link-container"><span id="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" aria-label="Edit section"></span><span id="pcs-edit-section-aria-protected" aria-label="Edit section on protected page"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" data-id="45" data-action="edit_section" aria-labelledby="pcs-edit-section-aria-normal" class="pcs-edit-section-link"></a></span></div>
<div id="pcs-section-content-45" class="pcs-section-hidden"><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small notheme" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9; " about="#mwt2014"><div style=" padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><b style="display:block;" class="notheme">Dog</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="./Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects" class="notheme"><span id="sister-projects" class="notheme">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;" class="notheme"><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" data-file-type="drawing" height="27" width="27" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dog" title="wikt:dog" class="notheme">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Commons-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" data-file-type="drawing" height="27" width="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dog" title="c:Special:Search/Dog" class="notheme">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wikinews-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" data-file-type="drawing" height="15" width="27" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dog" title="n:Special:Search/Dog" class="notheme">News</a> from Wikinews</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" data-file-type="drawing" height="27" width="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dogs" title="q:Dogs" class="notheme">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" data-file-type="drawing" height="27" width="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911%20Encyclopædia%20Britannica/Dog" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dog" class="notheme">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" data-file-type="drawing" height="27" width="27" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dog%20Care" title="b:Dog Care" class="notheme">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;" class="notheme"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="notheme"><figure-inline class="mw-valign-middle notheme"><span class="notheme"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" data-file-type="drawing" height="27" width="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x" class="notheme"></span></figure-inline></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;" class="notheme"><a href="//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis%20lupus%20familiaris" title="species:Canis lupus familiaris" class="notheme">Taxonomy</a> from Wikispecies</span>
</li></ul>
</div><ul><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Canis_lupus_familiaris" class="external text">Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography</a> for <i>Canis lupus familiaris</i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.fci.be/" class="external text">Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) – World Canine Organisation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/184/" class="external text">Dogs in the Ancient World</a>, an article on the history of dogs</li>
<li>View the <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Canis_familiaris/Info/Index" class="external text">dog genome</a> on <a href="./Ensembl" title="Ensembl" class="mw-redirect">Ensembl</a></li></ul></div></section><script defer="true">pcs.c1.Page.onBodyEnd();</script></div></body></html>
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